1·  What is ICT? What does it include?

• ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. It includes technologies that facilitate communication and the processing and transmission of information. This encompasses computers, telecommunications equipment, and software used for the creation, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of data.

2·  Write any 4 social issues of information and communication technology.

• a. Privacy concerns: Issues related to personal data protection and surveillance.
• b. Digital divide: Disparities in access to technology and digital skills.
• c. Cyberbullying: Harassment or intimidation using digital technologies.
• d. Fake news: Spread of misinformation and its societal impacts.

3·  Define the term digital citizenship and digital footprint.

• Digital citizenship: Refers to the responsible use of technology by individuals to engage in society, politics, and government. It involves understanding rights, responsibilities, norms, and behaviors.
• Digital footprint: The trail of data left behind by interactions in a digital environment. It includes online activities, posts, and transactions that can be traced back to an individual.

4·  Write the risk management of digital footprint.

• Risk management involves controlling or minimizing the negative impacts of a digital footprint. Strategies include being mindful of online activities, maintaining privacy settings, limiting sharing of personal information, and regularly reviewing and managing one's online presence.

511· List the main elements of digital citizenship.

• a. Digital literacy: Understanding how to use technology effectively and safely.
• b. Ethics: Knowing what is right and wrong behavior online.
• c. Security: Protecting personal information and devices from threats.
• d. Responsibility: Being accountable for one’s actions and interactions online.

6·  What is digital signature? Illustrate.

• A digital signature is a cryptographic technique used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital message, document, or software. It ensures that the sender of the message is who they claim to be and that the message has not been altered in transit.

7·  Discuss the types of digital signature.

• Types include:
  • Simple digital signature: Uses a digital signature algorithm to sign a document.
  • Advanced digital signature: Incorporates additional security measures like timestamps and certificate-based validation.
  • Qualified digital signature: Complies with specific legal requirements and is based on a qualified certificate issued by a trusted authority.

8·  Write any 4 ethical guidelines for ICT users.

• a. Respect intellectual property rights.
• b. Protect privacy and confidentiality of others.
• c. Use technology responsibly and avoid harmful activities.
• d. Promote honesty and integrity in online interactions.

9· What are the common ethical challenges in society?

• Ethical challenges include issues such as privacy violations, surveillance, digital divide, intellectual property theft, cyberbullying, and misinformation.11111

10· Define social media with any 4 popular examples.

• Social media: Platforms that enable users to create, share, and exchange content and participate in social networking. Examples: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn.

11·  List any 2 opportunities and any 2 risks of social media.

• Opportunities:
  • Enhanced communication and networking.
  • Marketing and business promotion opportunities.
• Risks:
  • Privacy breaches and data leaks.
  • Spread of misinformation and cyberbullying.

12·  List any 4 commandments of computer ethics.

• a. Do not use a computer to harm others.
• b. Respect privacy and confidentiality.
• c. Do not interfere with others' computer work.
• d. Respect intellectual property rights.

13·  Write any 4 objectives of the Electronic Transaction Act 2063 (Nepal).

• a. Facilitate electronic transactions and commerce.
• b. Recognize and validate electronic records and signatures.
• c. Promote trust and confidence in electronic transactions.
• d. Provide legal certainty for electronic transactions.

14·  What is cybercrime? List any 4 types of cybercrime.

• Cybercrime: Criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the internet.
• Types include: hacking, phishing, identity theft, cyberbullying.

15·  Mention any 4 major provisions made in the Electronic Transaction Act 2063 (Nepal).

• a. Legal recognition of electronic documents and signatures.
• b. Regulation of electronic contracts and transactions.
• c. Establishment of penalties for cybercrimes.
• d. Promotion of electronic governance and services.

16·  What is cyberspace?

• Cyberspace refers to the virtual environment created by interconnected computer networks, where digital communication, transactions, and interactions occur.

17·  What is meant by IT and IT policy?

• IT (Information Technology): Refers to the use of technology for storing, retrieving, transmitting, and manipulating data.
• IT policy: A set of guidelines and rules established by governments or organizations to regulate the use and management of information technology.

18·  Write the mission of IT policy of Nepal 2072.

• The specific mission would need to be referenced from the IT Policy of Nepal 2072, which typically outlines goals related to digital infrastructure, governance, cybersecurity, and ICT development in the country.

19·  List any 4 guiding principles of IT policy of Nepal 2072.

• This would also be detailed in the IT Policy of Nepal 2072, but generally, guiding principles could include aspects like accessibility, security, innovation, and digital inclusion.

20·  What are legal arrangements in the IT policy of Nepal 2072?

• Legal arrangements would typically include provisions related to electronic transactions, data protection, cybersecurity measures, and legal frameworks for ICT governance and development in Nepal.